Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg
Flash Macaroni

Whop1

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Yankee Doodle Norman Rockwell 1937
Yankee Doodle Dandy
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A "Maccaroni" was a fop or dandy with an extravagant hairstyle and affected mannerisms, often viewed as a buffoon. The term "maccaroni" also often referred to a homosexual with the same affected mannerisms and dress style. The relationship between a macaroni and the American Revolutionary song Yankee Doodle will be illucidated, and elaborated to understand its historic roots in British homosexuality and sapphism.

The term "hermaphrodite" was sometimes used to refer to homosexuals, as opposed to true hermaphrodites (such as two ova simulateously fertilized by two spermatazoa to create a male zygote and a female zygote, then both zygotes fuzing to create a single individual eventually with both male and female sexual tissue). Click to see. Homosexuality may be viewed as a racial trait, a trait that can be inherited, as in an "Italian", "French" or "macaroni racial" vice. Thus the old view held in Judeo-Christian-Islamic religions based upon "reproductive sexuality" was the religious and legal focus and criterion.

Research focusing upon macaronis led to a larger area of interest, including the entire area of sexuality, gender studies, etc, not only homsexuality, including sapphism. One might think that trans-sexuality would be excluded during the ninteenth century, but the existence of castrati and eunuchs seems to have been forgotten. In addition, some men and women are simply asexual, and also appear to have been overlooked.

Here the viewpoint is that gender is how people are perceived in society as a man or a woman, while sex refers to biological anatomy. While this seems innocuous, it is complex as according to the views of many people, gender has several interpretations: {one sex with gradiations}, {male/female}, {male/female/third sex}, etc. and gender may go beyond sexuality to include psychology. Thus:
  1. A person born with male    genitalia (biology), the mental view might be that of a male.
  2. A person born with male    genitalia (biology), the mental view might be that of a female.
  3. A person born with female genitalia (biology), the mental view might be that of a female.
  4. A person born with female genitalia (biology), the mental view might be that of a male.
  5. A person born with male   genitalia (biology), the mental view might be focused upon men or women sexually: a bisexual.
  6. A person born with female genitalia (biology), the mental view might be focused upon men or women sexually: a bisexual.
  7. Etc.
Whop1 Whop1

Glossary

The study of the meaning and history of the term "macaroni" or "maccaroni" led to the study of aspects of sexuality (mostly 18th century), first in England, then spreading to France, Italy, Turkey, etc. The glossary below was created to aid in understanding terms encountered during this study. This study adds much to the understanding of the written ouvre of Charles Dickens, such as prisons, exploitation of children, sexuality, law, political affairs, class structure, etc.

Most books dealing with this topic tend to use a modern viewpoint: are focused upon "gender studies". Such a viewpoint appears to emphasize the normalcy of (Western) homosexual and bisexual sexual practices. Another viewpoint exists however, a viewpoint that places emphasis across all of humanity: the "moral or political" (not limited to "sexual morality" or the moral views of any specific religion): a viewpoint more compatible with anthropology and political affairs more broadly taken. Such broader studies do not exclude sexuality, but extend interests to social turmoil, social change (such as the French Revolution), use of newspapers, the growth of literature, the growing exploitation of women (and children) in industrialization (cotton cloth mills, Canuts, coal mines, newspapers, libraries, etc.), organizations such as the Freemasons, the Illuminati, the Sons of Liberty, the United Irishmen, the Select Society of Scotland, etc. It is interesting to note that the Freemasons had "Loges of Adoption" (lodges of Lesbos), influenced by the views of French Sapphists (Anandryne utopian sects) and English Anandryne sects (Female Jockey Club, Blue Stockings), in which effetively, women Freemasons existed Click to see. Furthermore, the Freemasons were challenged in dealing not only with women, but members that were free Black Africans Click to see. Indeed, some French followers of Sappho (Σαπφω) were revolutionaries as well as holding revolutionary Sapphic views. This ought not to be surprising as women's rights were so constricted under the preceeding Renaissance, legally, economically, and sexually: men feared Sapphists not only sexually but also their loss of economic and legal supremacy. This is the viewpoint that interested Esther Lederberg. See S. Lanser, chapter 6).

The purpose of the following glossary is that the glossary may be found a useful aid in reading books and articles mentioned in the biblography. It should be noted that this subject matter might be found distasteful, thus this is a caution to any readers.

Term Meaning
Albathara, tentigo Erect (tumescent) penis or clitoris.
Back Gammon player, or gentlemen of the back door Those who practice Sodomy Click to see.
Bardache, berdache A passive homosexual (a molly).
Bardassi Buggered boys, ganimedes.
Battersea'd. Refers to the appearance of a man's penis that has been treated for venereal disease: pustules, tubercles, shankers, ulcers, nodes, tumours, inflammatory buboes, etc. Salves containg mercury used to be used. The "clap" (gonorrhea) or poxed.
Bird-cage walk A street in Westminster, London that became known as a cruising area for homosexual trysts.
Bit a Blow To score a trick.
Bog-house A bordello for male homosexuals, a Molly house, also privies (meeting area).
Bougre A sodomite. Etymological origin of "bugger", Bulgarian (Bogomil).
Bud Sallough, shitten prick A Sodomite (Irish).
Buggery, bowgard Sodomy. Puseran also means to bugger.
Buttock and twang, Buttock and file Extortion or blackmale of homosexuals (and heterosexuals). Homosexual engages sexually in sodomy, but steals valuables, then the homosexual pimp threatens violence or legal problems to extort the valuables.
Castrato Expected to be long-limbed, (due to hormonal imbalance), Italian, grotesque (pigfaced nose), wearing many rings, and elaborate and expensive clothing.
Catamite A pubescent boy kept for homosexual purposes (anal intercourse or Sodomy). Can be symbolized by a cat. "Miss Butterfly" is slang for a catamite, as is "patapouf".
Caudle (tail) sex Anal sex, usually heterosexual.
Chum (to chum together) It was a common practice for men to chum together - to sleep in the same bed. Servants chummed, lodgers at inns, etc. chummed. This was not intended to be sexual. Families also chummed together. Multiple children paid for a piece of a bed (or the floor). Nekrasov desribes the same practice in St. Petersburg during the ninteenth century.
Cinaedi; latentes cinaedi; publici cinaedi; Effeminite (passive) male prostitutes; secretive cinaedi; public cinaedi.
Clocks Silk (green, white or other colors) stockings with seams, the seams embroidered.
Compter A debtor's prison. Three well known compters were click to see: Wood Street, Poultry, Giltspur Street. When these prisons were closed, they were replaced by other prisons in Southwark such as the Marshalsea debtor's prison and the Horsemonger Lane Gaol. Note: if compters were primarily debtor's prisons, at least some of the prisoners there could be there for sexual offences. Other prisons were well known: "The Rumbo" or "The Whit" (Newgate prison), "The Spinning Ken" (Bridewell prison). Other criminal cant: "A Flash Ken" (house frequented by thieves); "The Nubbing Cheat" (gallows); "To shove the Tumbler" (to be whipped at a cart's tail); "Buttock-and-File" (pickpocket whore); Dudds (linen); "Mish" (shirt); "Shap" (hat); "Stampers" (shoes); "Poll" (wig); "Margery-Prater" (a hen); "Queer Cuffin" (Justice of the Peace); "Queer-Ken" (prison house); "Queer Booze" (bad drink); "To cut queer Whids" (to use foul language); "Queer-Bird" (a person lately released from prison).
Covent Garden Ague Sexually transmitted diseases.
Coxcomb A dandy or fop.
Crissatrix, crissariae The active partner in a lesbian relationship. Also called the "thruster" or "inserter", as opposed to the passive partner, the fricatrix/confricatrix, or dihetaristria.
Cruising Homosexuals "cruise" an area when they seek to meet another person for sexual activity. Also called "strolling" or "caterwauling" (root is based upon cats). When a person is encontered for sexual purposes, this is referred to as "picking up trade". Agreeing to engage in sexual activity is called "making a bargain". A popular game was "Selling a Bargain" where the seller must name his or her hindquarters in response to the question: "What"?
Example:
"It's white and it follows me!"
"What?"
"Mine arse".
Demirep "Demi + reputation" A person of not-quite a good reputation (a doubtful reputation, demimonde, such as a high-class courtesan).
Flogging Culls Disciplinarians (sadomasochists).
Click to see Fop, beaux, dandy, daffodile 1, Hyacinth, amfibian, frib, fribble, pretty gentleman, neuters, Hic Mulier/Haec Vir (man/woman), Town-Gallant/Town Miss or Mundus Foppensis/Mundus Muliebris, He-lecher, He-strumpet, androgyn. Other popular names include Marjory, Mary-Ann, Nancy, Betty, poof, etc. An effeminate male, a homosexual. With a bit more precision: a fop is usually of the aristocratic class, not a labourer, posessing good "manners". Our modern view of a prostitute is of a woman that dresses in extreme, tasteless clothes, with equally extreme facial makeup. Why does she dress like this? Her extremes in dress and makeup are a form of advertising. The fop is a male, not a homosexual, but he dresses and uses cosmetics in extreme and poor taste, ths effeminately, to advertise and gain attention, exactly as the female prostitute does. A molly on the other hand, partakes in more of a sexual connotation: sodomy, more likely to be a transvestite, dresses in "drag", of the labouring class.
Fribble An effeminate male character in David Garrick's play, "Miss in Her Teens". Sir Dilberry Diddle, Billy Dimple, Phil Whiffle, etc.
Fricatrice/confricatrice/rubster, Fricarelle, bawd Women that rub their clitorises, or vulvas together. Applies to both women (active or passive). A lewd woman; a harlot. "The Indiscreet Toys" by Denis Diderot, includes a woman named "Fricamona".
Frottage, frigging Rubbing against clothing, or thighs, etc. (non-penetrative sex), to obtain sexual gratification.
Gamahuching (French) Oral sex (cunnilingus, fellatio, anilingus).
Ganymede, ingle, cinaedus (Roman, Greek kinaidos), gany-boy Click to see. In Greek mythology, Ganymede is a most beautiful mortal catamite (pubescent boy) used in paiderastía (homosexuality). Names commonly assigned to ganymedes: "Hyacinthus".
Etymology: Ganumēdēs [Greek] → Catamus [Latin] → Catamite    [English]
                                                     ————————→ Ganymede [English]
Glabriones Catamites.
Gomorrhean (Gomorrha) Those who practice Sodomy.
Grubble. To grope. Recall "Gropecunt Lane", "Maiden Lane", "Cock's Lane", "Lad Lane", etc. in London.
Hetaristria Lesbianism (Plato used this term).
Horse-marine (unnatural) A homosexual.
House of office, or "cottage" Ale houses, pubs, or bog houses, etc. had sheds, or cubicles or public latrines used by pairs of men for consensual purposes.
Huckle my butt, Huckle and Buff A drink made from gin and ale, served hot in pubs.
Hysterical paroxysm Orgasm in women.
Indorser A Sodomite.
Kiss A "coded" or covert reference to orgasm.
Korephilia Click to see An older (active) tribade uses a prepubescent passive girl homoerotically (analogous to an active homosexual using a passive prepubescent male as a ganymede).
Landica. Clitoris.
Lolhuysen (Dutch) A molly house.
Lollardism The Lollards were a fanatical sect led by John Wycliffe that believed that marriage was defined by between a woman (sexually) and a man (sexually), in which sex is only for procreation.
Lollepot (Dutch) Lesbianism.
Macaroni clubs Almack's club, Macaroni club, Brook's club, Boodle's club, White's club, Arthur's club, Goostree club, etc.
Macaroni, Macaronies, Maccaroni, Maccaronies, Maccherone, Macaronesse (female Macaroni) A small tricorn hat placed atop a high wig, also effeminite homosexuals (mollies).
Madge, madge cull, madge mull Buggery, madge mull is slang for the female pudenda.
Madge cove The keeper of a bog-house.
Maiden Names (aliases for mollies)/Theatre names (for fops) Names some homosexuals may prefer over their actual names. Examples might be "Orange Deb", "Peggy Whale", "Madamoiselle Gent", "Miss Betty", "Miss Kitten", "Princess Saraphina", "St. Dunstan's Kate", "Flying Horse Moll", "Cochineal Sue", "Dip Candle Mary", "Beau Eithersex", "Count Drivel", "Phoeby Crackenthorp (Crackfart)", "Pippin Mary", "Mrs. Mince-it", "Jenny Jigg-it", "Mrs. Bumfiddle", "Susan Guzzle", "Sukey (Susannah) Pisquill", "Molly Soft-buttocks", "Miss Sukey Tooke", "Countess Pox", etc,
"Sr Fopling Flutter", "Lord Foppington", etc.
Margery Young male prostitutes.
Married The actual physical act of sodomy was often referred to as "marriage", the ceremony taking place in a "chapel" or "marrying room" (a room set aside in a molly house for this purpose).
Mary-Ann Young male prostitutes (originally a pickpocket who pretends to be a homosexual in order to pat a man about the hips and lift his wallet).
Meretrices Effeminate (passive) male prostitutes (see cinaedi).
Molly or Mollies club 2 An effeminate homosexual 3, or a bog-house. May also refer to soldiers that frequented molly houses.
Mouches (Parisian) Agents provocatures, pederasty patrols (patrouilles pédérastie).
Nosegay A corsage of flowers worn near the head.
"O", or "naught" "Naught" refering to a woman's vagina (slang).
Pathic A catamite.
Pego (slang) Penis.
Petite Maître A fop or dandy (French).
Popinjay (parrot) A fop or dandy.
Priapus A dildo (viewed as an artificial penis, thus use of a dildo by lesbians was considered sodomy).
Pumping, Cynick friction Masturbation.
Pusiones Catamites.
Quean Whore.
Queer Denotes the female pudendum (example: Anne grubbled her "queer".).
Quim Fluids produced by the vagina during orgasm, vulva, vagina.
ribawd, ribaud, débauché A whore.
Sapphism Lesbianism (from Sappho of Lesbos). Anandryne sect (without a man, lesbianism). The "game of flatts" (flatt-fucking - two lesbians rubbing their clitorises together like flat playing-cards rub together) refers to lesbianism. In the Non classical Greek and Roman world of the West (Europe), this is viewed as amor impossibilis as it is non-reproductive sexuality, thus "not natural". Click to see. In Latinized Arabic, saḥāqa.
Satyre (satire) In ancient Greece, the satyre is an effeminate male, a homosexual. In ancient Rome, the satyre was not as explicitly effeminate. However, in both ancient Greece as well as in ancient Rome, there was an open acceptance of sodomy in the military.
Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece was regarded as contributing to morale. The primary example is the Sacred Band of Thebes, a unit said to have been formed of same-sex couples, the Spartan tradition of military heroism has also been explained in light of strong emotional bonds resulting from homosexual relationships.
In ancient Rome, men were free to enjoy sex with other males without a perceived loss of masculinity or social status, as long as they took the dominant or penetrative role. Acceptable male partners were slaves and former slaves, prostitutes, and entertainers
Satyriasis An insatiable desire for sex.
Sentimental sodomite An asexual or celibate homosexual.
Sodomite A homosexual. A man that engages in sexuality for pleasure (not strictly for procreation). Sodomy has at times been associated with sorcery, heretics, werewolves, basilisks, witchcraft. The child of a witch is expected to be a sodomite (play "Moone-Calf" by Michael Drayton). A witch appearing as a man is an incubus, while a witch appearing as a female is a succubus. Just as sodomy may be associated with heresy and witchcraft, it also may be associated with Papist priests and convents.
Sodomitess A whore. A woman that engages in sexuality for pleasure (not strictly for procreation).
Sparta Penis.
Subigatrice, subigatatrix A lesbian.
Tantes (French: aunts) A flamboyiant homosexual, a queen.
Tendres amities (tender friendships) Female (lesbian) intimate relationships (during précieuses movement).
The Anandrynes A lesbian club founded by Mme Furiel in Paris in 1780. Novices (new candidates) were called "Desirantes", dressed in "chemise à la tribade". Members kissed "a la Florentine" (French kiss). Meetings took place in a "Temple of Venus" with walls decorated with representations of female private parts.
Ton
  1. Latest fashion.
  2. Ton or tun: barrel.
Trepanners Agents provocateurs to entrap homosexuals (employed, for example, by the Society for the Reformation of Manners).
Tribade, Tommies, female husbands, Female Buff, Messalina. Lesbian (butch dyke) moves like a male (rubbing vulvas together). Tribades viewed as having enlarged genetalia, specifically a large clitoris that causes "sapphic wantonness". The cause of these Hermaphrodites or Masculine Females are planetary influences that are strongest in the seraglios of Asiatic Turkey (Ottoman Empire), and are thus foreign to Europe. The "savages" of the New World practice pederasty, while women of color practice heterosexual license which has spread to white women in the Americas as well. (See Lanser, pp. 89-92). One must also be aware that sexuality in general, was often associated with "unnatural pollution".
Uranian (German and Russian) A homosexual.
Viragines Masculine male prostitutes.
Virago "Vir" means a male, thus a masculine (active) woman.
Voyeuses Female voyeur.
Windward Passage Sodomy.
Wooden Ruff Pillory.
Yard Click to see Penis (slang).

1 Many names of flowers have been (and still are) used, such as pansy, violet (lesbian, Sappho), daisy, lilac, buttercup, crysanthemum, etc. as the anal folds have a flower shape.
2 London Clubs and Societies in 1756:
  1. The Vertuoso Club
  2. Of the Knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece
  3. Of the No-Nose Club
  4. Of the Farting Club
  5. Of the Man-Killing Club
  6. Of the Surly Club
  7. The Atheistical Club
  8. Club of Ugly Faces
  9. The Split-Farthing Club
  10. The Club of broken Shop-keepers
  11. The Man-Hunter's Club
  12. The Yorkshire Club
  13. The Mock Heroes Club
  14. The Beaus Club
  15. The Wrangling, or Hustle-Farthing Club
  16. The Quack's Club, or the Physical Society
  17. The Weekly Dancing Club
  18. The Bird-Fancier's Club
  19. The Lying Club
  20. The Beggar's Club
  21. The Chatter-Wit Club
  22. The Florist's Club
  23. Bob Weden's Cellar Club
  24. The Mollies Club
  25. The Bawd's Initiating Club
  26. Sam. Scot's Smoaking Club
  27. The Market Women's Club
  28. The Thieves Club
  29. The Small-Coal Man's Music Club
  30. The Kit-Kat Club
  31. The Beef-stake Club
See: "A Compleat and Humerous Account of all the Remarkable Clubs and Societies in the Cities of London and Westminster, ... The Seventh Edition", by Edward Ward, 1756

The view of sexuality has changed (in England) since 1750. In the old view, one should think of male and female sexuality as being effectively linear, women expected to be the "weaker", more passive sex, the male being the "stronger", more active sex. In the more modern dimorphic view, there are two independent axis, the "male" sex and another independent axis, the "female" sex: this is the one-sex model vs the two-sex model.

Thus a "fop" was considered "female" (or effeminate") in that he spent excessive time and interest upon clothes or fashion, makeup, accessories such as jewelery, hairstyles, etc.: (female concerns), yet the fop could also be a sexual rake. In another more modern view, that a fop might focus his sexual expression upon sodomy (anal penetration of other men or women). Thus the "effeminacy" of a fop must be understood as having both interpretations.

In point of fact, "manliness is defined...by social [political] rather than sexual acts." (See "Effeminate Years: Literature, Politics, and Aesthetics in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain", Declan Kavanagh, p. 21

In fact, examining earlier societies, sexuality is very amorphous. In our society, sexuality is a simple matter: biological sexual structures and DNA. This view excludes anthropology, economics, psychology, legality, astrology/religion/science, etc. It becomes easier to understand why our society has problems with sexuality! For example, consider that during the 16th century, the Ibearian colonial conquest faced legal challenges. A debate took place in Valladolid (1550–1551). Two incompatible views of the Amerindians in Nueva España were questioned. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda viewed the Indianos as animals with only the appearance of human beings. Bartolomé de las Casas viewed the Indianos as human beings with human rights. The point being that the Indianos (effectively slaves by conquest) might not have human right: if not human, their sexual rights would also be open to question. Thus: Factors innvolved in sexuality:
  1. active/passive sexual expression
  2. gender
  3. age
  4. nationality/citizenship
  5. economic/legal (slave or free)
  6. astrology (man born in one configuration of stars, moon, constellation), oriented to females only,
    born in a second configuration, he is passive to active males
    born in a third configuration, he only desires to penetrate children
    born in a fourth configuration, he desires males of any age
    born in a fifth configuration, he only desires low-status women, slave women or foreigners
    woman can be heterosexual in one configuration, homosexual in another configuration
  7. In our society, male and female are either heterosexual or homosexual, simpliciter.

Brooten, Bernadette J.; "Love Between Women: Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism", p. 3

Also, In early Christianity, women included slaves become freedwomen, freeborn women Aristotle (ancient Greece): women were wives of freeborn men, (females subject to male citizens; citizens are above male and female slaves): thus female slaves are not women, wives are not slaves. Thus female slaves are not counted as women.

ibid., p. 15

3 The effeminacy that accounts for homosexuality "...begins in early childhood with a sentimental or 'soft education. Young men are brought up as 'milksops'; they get up late in the morning, eat milk-porridge instead of a hearty English breakfast, go 'to a Girls'-School , to learn Dancing and Reading', then to a Master to learn Latin Grammar. In other words, mollies were supposed to be cultivated, refined, civilized, probably aristocratic–all of which is exactly the opposite of the way the ordinary tradesman behaved. 'Besides, his whole Animal Fabrick is enervated for want of due Exercise.' (Molly blacksmiths and butchers are not envisged.) Modern education has become so decadent that a boy is 'brought up in all respects like a Girl (Needle-works excepted) for his Mamma had charg'd him not to play with rude Boys, for fear of spoiling his Cloaths'."

Note that in this view, homosexuality is a taught and learned social construct: homosexuality is a result of nurture, it is taught and learned, it is NOT due to biological inheritance. See "Mother Clap's Molly House" by Rictor Norton, pp. 194, 195, from: "Plain Reasons for the Growth of Sodomy", 1731

Ned Ward describes a fake molly lying-in (postpartum confinement), resulting in the "birth" of a wooden "jointed-Baby" doll, with gossiping about equally fake "husbands" and "children".

A description is also provided of a molly wedding.

"Miss Kitten" and a butcher named "Princess Saraphina", and another "St. Dunstan's Kate" and "Madam Blackwell" were married.

The World is chang'd I know not how,
For Men kiss Men, not Women now;
And your neglected Lips in vain,
Of smugling Jack, and Tom complain:
A most unmanly nasty Trick;
One Man to lick the other's Cheek;
And only what renews the shame
Of J. the first and Buckingham: 4
He, true it is, his Wives Embraces fled
To slabber his lov'd Ganimede;
But to employ, those Lips were made
For Women in Gomorrah's Trade;
Bespeaks the Reason ill design'd,
Of railing thus 'gainst Woman-kind:
For who that loves as Nature teaches,
That had not rather kiss the Breeches
Of Twenty Women, than to lick
The Bristles of one Male dear Dick?

4 Marquee Buckingham was James I's Ganimede.

Molly Club Song

Let the Fops of the Town upbraid
Us, for an unnatural trade,
We value not Man or Maid;
           But among our own selves we'll be free,
           But among, &c.
We'll kiss and we'll Sw---e, 5 Behind we will drive,
And we will contrive
           New ways for Lechery,
           New ways, &c.

How sweet is the pleasant Sin?
With a Boy about Sixteen,
That has got no Hair on his Chin
           And a Countenance like a Rose,
           And a Countenance, &c.
Here we will enjoy
The simpering Boy,
And with him we'll toy;
           The Devil may take the Froes,6
           The Devil &c.

Confusion on the Stews,
And those that Whores do chuse,
We'll praise the Turks and Jews,
           Since they with us do agree,
           Since they, &c.
They're not confined
To Water or Wind,
Before or Behind,
           But take all Liberty,
           But take &c.

Achillis that Hero great, (see the following painting)
Had Patrocles for a Mate;
Nay, Jove he would have a Lad,
           The beautiful Ganymede,
           The Beautiful &c.
Why should we then
Be daunted, when
Both Gods and Men
           Approve the pleasant Deed,
           Approve the &c.

5 Swive (fuck)
6 Froes (a cleaving tool with a handle at a right angle to the blade [thus an erect penis]: sodomy)

Click images or captions to view pages

Chiron Instructing Achilles in the Bow
Chiron and Achilles, Achilles as a satyr (effeminate Ganymede of centaur Chiron)
Giovanni Battista, 1776
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In addition to aspects of homosexuality and transvestitism, aspects of Sapphism (Lesbianism) also existed in eighteenth century England.

Click images or captions to view pages

Jupiter and Callisto Jacopo Amigoni 1740-1750
Jupiter and Callisto (Sapphists: Lesbianism), by Jacopo Amigoni 1740-1750
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Colonialism

This is a discussion about the term "Maccaroni", used in the Thirteen Colonies. It should come as no surprise that Colonialism applied not only to the Thirteen Colonies, but everywhere within the English Empire. Is this true? Consider the following. The next section (below this section about Colonialism), has images that sometimes show Black people (see #16, #23, #44, #45). This is due to the Imperialist policy that used what we now call genocide, to clear the New World of Amerindians, accompanied by its policy of African-New World slavery. Some interesting art work below.
  1. Louis Renée de Kéroüalle, Duchess of Portsmouth: D'Agar
  2. Elizabeth Murray, Countess of Dysart #1
  3. Elizabeth Murray, Countess of Dysart #2
  4. Anne of Denmark
  5. Charles I and Henrietta Maria
  6. William Fielding in India, Van Dyck: 1635
  7. Cecil Calvert 2nd Baron Baltimore (map of Maryland with coat of arms): Gerard Soest
  8. Princessa Henrietta of Lorraine, Van Dyck: 1634
  9. Marchesa Elena Grimaldi Cattaneo, Van Dyck
  10. Lady holding letter, attended
  11. Sons of Lord Henry Hare of Colerane (Lucius and Montague); African Servant, England: 1675
  12. d'Armand Gatereau, by Agostino Brunias
  13. La madame la Marechale de Montesquiou d'Artagnan
  14. Countess Yulia Samoilova Von Pahlen, by Karl Bryullov
  15. Lady Elizabeth Keppel, by Sir Joshua Reynolds: 1761
  16. Lady Elizabeth Wriothesley
  17. Marie-Françoise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Blois, page, by Pierre Gobert
  18. Philippe Vignon Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Blois, et Louise-Françoise de Bourbon
  19. Princess Charlotte of Brunswick-Luneburg, by Johann Paul Luedden: 1739
  20. Queen Charlotte
  21. Sir George Thomas Bt (c.1695-1774), by Charles Philips
  22. Teklė Rožė Radvilaitė (Radziwiłł)
  23. Two Society Women (England), by Stephen Slaughter: 1740s
  24. Young Servants and Slaves, Hidden within Portraits of Elites
  25. Anonymous #1
  26. Anonymous #2
  27. Portrait of a Young Black Man
  28. Moses Brought to Pharaoh's Daughter, Hogarth: 1746
  29. Bridewell Correctional Work House, Hogarth: 1732
  30. Four Times of Day - Morning, Hogarth: 1738
  31. Four Times of Day - Noon, Hogarth: 1738
  32. Harlot Quarrels with her Jew Protector, Hogarth: 1732
  33. The Marriage Contract, Hogarth: 1733
  34. Marriage a-la-mode, Hogarth: 1743 (Black servants)
  35. Taste in High Life, Hogarth: 1746
  36. The Rabbits, Robert Sayer: 1792
  37. The Sailor's Fleet Wedding Entertainment, M. Cooper: 1747
  38. Young Girl with Dog and Negro Attendant, Bartholemew Dandridge
  39. Woolaston Family, Hogarth: 1730
  40. Family Group with a Negro Servant, Francis Wheatley: 1770s

Maccaroni Visuals

  1. The Feared Macaroni
  2. Son Tom: a Macaroni
  3. How D'Ye Like Me: Feared Effeminacy
  4. Handsomer Folks than we Three
  5. A Macaroni Painter: Billy Dimple sitting for his Picture 1772
  6. Ridiculous Taste or the Ladies Absurdity: 1780
  7. Miss Brazen: Women Become Men
  8. Transmutation: Men Become Women & Women Become Men
  9. Paintress of Maccaronies
  10. Miss macaroni with her gallant at a print shop
  11. Irish Peg: rages with a Macaroni
  12. Now Sr. You’r a Compleat Macaroni!
  13. Monsieur le Frizuer (a macaroni): 1771
  14. The Unfortunate (Jewish: low class) Macaroni
  15. Homosexuality in the Navy: The Guardian frigate, 1790
  16. A Macaroni Dressing Room
  17. Molly Exalted: In Pillory
  18. Jack-Catch with Ganymede: Pillory
  19. Trying and Pillorying of the Vere Street Club
  20. The Vere Street Gang at the Pillory: 1810
  21. Macaroni Cauldron: 1772
  22. The Bishop and the Soldier
  23. Marriage a-la-mode, Hogarth: 1743 (Sodomy, Castrti)
  24. Molly club
  25. Bog Houses
  26. A French Macarony Eating Macaroons: 1772
  27. The Enraged Macaroni: 1773
  28. Sal Dab giving Monsieur a Receipt in Full: 1776
  29. Macaroni Large Lapels
  30. Steel Buttons Coup de Bouton Dazzle Women out of their senses: 1777
  31. Buttons and Artois buckles are the Thing!
  32. Artois Buckles, Buttons and Nosegays, I am the Thing: 1777
  33. Domino Cloak at Venice
  34. Clocks: Who can resist embroidered stockings?
  35. Fizgig: A Macaroni in Garrick's Play "Fribbleriad": 1761
  36. Octavio, A Fribble (Nymphenburg porcelain): 1760
  37. Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure: 1766
  38. A 'passing woman' Vizzani: 1755
  39. Mary Hamilton (transvestite): 'passing' woman
  40. French Lesbian Club, La Nouvelle Sapho: 1793
  41. Marquise de Merteuil seducing Cecile: 1796
  42. Mertce
  43. Hannah Snell: Lesbians 'passing' in the Military
  44. Mungo as a Macaroni (before Abolitionism)
  45. Duchess Queensberry Foils her Lap Dog "Mungo Macaroni"

A bit of philosophy concerning homosexuality. A defense sometimes used to justify homosexuality was "... I think there is no crime in making what use I please of my own Body". Such a legal defense usually failed, but it is interesting that this defense was proferred by John Locke in situations of homosexuality. John Locke said "Though the earth, and all inferior creatures, be common to all men, yet every man has a property in his own person: this no body has any right to but himself."

John Locke is one of the most important Enlightenment figures, using Biblical references as a foundation for what we would now call the genocide of Amerindians in the New World. It should be noted that imposing Biblical views from one society upon people from another culture. Why adopt such a viewpoint that violates anthropological understanding? Freiherr Samuel von Pufendorf lived during the same time period as Locke, and was clearly aware of how backward it was to judge one peoples by the view of different peoples? Similarly, Johann Gottfried von Herder was quite aware that an anthropological view was required when comparing different cultures, but could not persuade his mentor, Immanuel Kant, from being so narrow minded, Kant preferred his racist views. Herder lived a little later than Locke. Why such glaring ignorance? The reason was Colonialism. The time frame we are discussing was the begining of Imperialism Click to see.

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